/usr/lib/swipl/library/aggregate.pl
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  • swipl
    • library
      • error.pl
      • apply.pl
      • lists.pl
      • debug.pl -- Print debug messages and test assertions
      • broadcast.pl
      • socket.pl
      • predicate_options.pl
      • shlib.pl
      • option.pl
      • uid.pl
      • unix.pl
      • syslog.pl
      • thread_pool.pl
      • gensym.pl
      • settings.pl
      • arithmetic.pl
      • main.pl
      • readutil.pl
      • ssl.pl
      • crypto.pl
      • pldoc.pl -- Process source documentation
      • operators.pl -- Manage operators
      • pairs.pl -- Operations on key-value lists
      • prolog_source.pl -- Examine Prolog source-files
      • pengines.pl -- Pengines: Web Logic Programming Made Easy
      • record.pl -- Access compound arguments by name
      • memfile.pl
      • sgml.pl -- SGML, XML and HTML parser
      • quasi_quotations.pl -- Define Quasi Quotation syntax
      • pure_input.pl -- Pure Input from files and streams
      • time.pl -- Time and alarm library
      • uri.pl -- Process URIs
      • solution_sequences.pl -- Modify solution sequences
      • uuid.pl -- Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) Library
      • ordsets.pl -- Ordered set manipulation
      • random.pl -- Random numbers
      • base64.pl -- Base64 encoding and decoding
      • aggregate.pl -- Aggregation operators on backtrackable predicates
        • safe_meta/2
        • aggregate/3
        • aggregate/4
        • aggregate_all/3
        • aggregate_all/4
        • foreach/2
        • free_variables/4
      • pcre.pl -- Perl compatible regular expression matching for SWI-Prolog
      • pengines_io.pl -- Provide Prolog I/O for HTML clients
      • sandbox.pl -- Sandboxed Prolog code
      • apply_macros.pl -- Goal expansion rules to avoid meta-calling
      • assoc.pl -- Binary associations
      • prolog_format.pl -- Analyse format specifications
      • yall.pl -- Lambda expressions
      • sha.pl -- SHA secure hashes
      • process.pl -- Create processes and redirect I/O
      • filesex.pl -- Extended operations on files
      • zlib.pl -- Zlib wrapper for SWI-Prolog
      • bdb.pl -- Berkeley DB interface
      • hash_stream.pl -- Maintain a hash on a stream
      • md5.pl -- MD5 hashes
      • porter_stem.pl
      • csv.pl -- Process CSV (Comma-Separated Values) data
      • pprint.pl -- Pretty Print Prolog terms
      • atom.pl -- Operations on atoms
      • ctypes.pl -- Character code classification
      • modules.pl -- Module utility predicates
      • occurs.pl -- Finding and counting sub-terms
      • prolog_xref.pl -- Prolog cross-referencer data collection
      • prolog_colour.pl
      • lazy_lists.pl -- Lazy list handling
      • prolog_code.pl -- Utilities for reasoning about code
      • ugraphs.pl -- Graph manipulation library
      • xpath.pl -- Select nodes in an XML DOM
      • iostream.pl -- Utilities to deal with streams
      • doc_http.pl -- Documentation server
      • url.pl -- Analysing and constructing URL
      • www_browser.pl -- Open a URL in the users browser
      • prolog_pack.pl -- A package manager for Prolog
      • prolog_config.pl -- Provide configuration information
      • git.pl -- Run GIT commands
      • strings.pl -- String utilities
      • dif.pl -- The dif/2 constraint
      • dialect.pl -- Support multiple Prolog dialects
      • edinburgh.pl -- Some traditional Edinburgh predicates
      • ansi_term.pl -- Print decorated text to ANSI consoles
      • terms.pl -- Term manipulation
      • listing.pl -- List programs and pretty print clauses
      • persistency.pl -- Provide persistent dynamic predicates
      • pengines_sandbox.pl -- Declare Pengine interaction sandbox-safe
      • term_to_json.pl
      • prolog_stack.pl -- Examine the Prolog stack
      • prolog_clause.pl -- Get detailed source-information about a clause
      • prolog_breakpoints.pl -- Manage Prolog break-points
      • wfs.pl -- Well Founded Semantics interface
      • mallocinfo.pl -- Memory allocation details
      • chr.pl
      • sort.pl
      • dicts.pl -- Dict utilities
      • varnumbers.pl -- Utilities for numbered terms
      • nb_set.pl -- Non-backtrackable sets
      • tables.pl -- XSB interface to tables
      • rbtrees.pl -- Red black trees
      • prolog_stream.pl -- A stream with Prolog callbacks
      • backcomp.pl -- Backward compatibility
      • charsio.pl -- I/O on Lists of Character Codes
      • coinduction.pl -- Co-Logic Programming
      • statistics.pl -- Get information about resource usage
      • base32.pl -- Base32 encoding and decoding
      • codesio.pl -- I/O on Lists of Character Codes
      • date.pl -- Process dates and times
      • heaps.pl -- heaps/priority queues
      • when.pl -- Conditional coroutining
      • protobufs.pl -- Google's Protocol Buffers ("protobufs")
      • quintus.pl -- Quintus compatibility
      • utf8.pl -- UTF-8 encoding/decoding on lists of character codes.
      • doc_latex.pl -- PlDoc LaTeX backend
      • crypt.pl
      • thread.pl -- High level thread primitives
      • xmlenc.pl -- XML encryption library
      • help.pl -- Text based manual
      • writef.pl -- Old-style formatted write
      • sgml_write.pl -- XML/SGML writer module
      • explain.pl -- Describe Prolog Terms
      • threadutil.pl -- Interactive thread utilities
      • redis.pl -- Redis client
      • hashtable.pl -- Hash tables
      • prolog_debug.pl -- User level debugging tools
      • c14n2.pl -- C14n2 canonical XML documents
      • pwp.pl -- Prolog Well-formed Pages
      • streampool.pl -- Input multiplexing
      • prolog_autoload.pl -- Autoload all dependencies
      • check.pl -- Consistency checking
      • snowball.pl -- The Snowball multi-lingual stemmer library
      • odbc.pl
      • stomp.pl -- STOMP client.
      • optparse.pl -- command line parsing
      • macros.pl -- Macro expansion
      • rdf_parser.pl
      • rewrite_term.pl
      • rdf_write.pl -- Write RDF/XML from a list of triples
      • doc_files.pl -- Create stand-alone documentation files
      • fastrw.pl -- Fast reading and writing of terms
      • make.pl -- Reload modified source files
      • system.pl -- System utilities
      • zip.pl -- Access resource ZIP archives
      • table.pl
      • prolog_profile.pl -- Execution profiler
      • shell.pl -- Elementary shell commands
      • test_cover.pl -- Clause coverage analysis
      • unicode.pl -- Unicode string handling
      • streams.pl -- Manage Prolog streams
      • redis_streams.pl -- Using Redis streams
      • increval.pl -- Incremental dynamic predicate modification
 foreach(:Generator, :Goal)
True when the conjunction of instances of Goal created from solutions for Generator is true. Except for term copying, this could be implemented as below.
foreach(Generator, Goal) :-
    findall(Goal, Generator, Goals),
    maplist(call, Goals).

The actual implementation uses findall/3 on a template created from the variables shared between Generator and Goal. Subsequently, it uses every instance of this template to instantiate Goal, call Goal and undo only the instantiation of the template and not other instantiations created by running Goal. Here is an example:

?- foreach(between(1,4,X), dif(X,Y)), Y = 5.
Y = 5.
?- foreach(between(1,4,X), dif(X,Y)), Y = 3.
false.

The predicate foreach/2 is mostly used if Goal performs backtrackable destructive assignment on terms. Attributed variables (underlying constraints) are an example. Another example of a backtrackable data structure is in library(hashtable). If we care only about the side effects (I/O, dynamic database, etc.) or the truth value of Goal, forall/2 is a faster and simpler alternative. If Goal instantiates its arguments it is will often fail as the argument cannot be instantiated to multiple values. It is possible to incrementally grow an argument:

?- foreach(between(1,4,X), member(X, L)).
L = [1,2,3,4|_].

Note that SWI-Prolog up to version 8.3.4 created copies of Goal using copy_term/2 for each iteration, this makes the current implementation unable to properly handle compound terms (in Goal's arguments) that share variables with the Generator. As a workaround you can define a goal that does not use compound terms, like in this example:

mem(E,L) :-  % mem/2 hides the compound argument from foreach/2
   member(r(E),L).

?- foreach(  between(1,5,N), mem(N,L)).